Professor Arnold Wilkins
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Email
arnold@essex.ac.uk -
Location
3.713, Colchester Campus
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Academic support hours
MSc project supervision
Profile
Biography
Leon Gaster Memorial Award, CIBSE 1990 Walsh Weston Memorial Award, CIBSE 1991 Owen Aves Medal, 2003 Honorary Fellowship, College of Optometry, 2005 Walsh Weston Award 2016
Qualifications
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DPhil University of Sussex, (1973)
Appointments
University of Essex
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Emeritus Professor, University of Essex, University of Essex (2015 - present)
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Professor, University of Essex, University of Essex (1997 - 2015)
Other academic
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Scientist - Special Appointment, MRC Applied Psychology Unit (1974 - 1997)
Research and professional activities
Research interests
Visual perception, including colour vision and the design of ophthalmic tints
Use of ophthalmic tints in autism and multiple sclerosis
The response of the brain to visual stimuli measured using near infrared spectroscopy
Lighting and its biological effects
Visual dysfunction in migraine
Photosensitive epilepsy and migraine
Reading disorders and the design of text for children
Spectral and chromatic analysis of uncomfortable images
Teaching and supervision
Current supervision
Previous supervision
Degree subject: Psychology
Degree type: Doctor of Philosophy
Awarded date: 15/4/2019
Degree subject: Psychology
Degree type: Doctor of Philosophy
Awarded date: 31/3/2016
Degree subject: Psychology
Degree type: Doctor of Philosophy
Awarded date: 20/11/2012
Publications
Journal articles (202)
Veitch, JA., Van Roon, P., D’Angiulli, A., Wilkins, A., Lehman, B., Burns, GJ. and Dikel, EE., (2024). Effects of Temporal Light Modulation on Cognitive Performance,Eye Movements, and Brain Function. LEUKOS. 20 (1), 67-106
Gal, E., Gispets, J., Wilkins, A., Zyroff, M., Netanya, E. and Gantz, L., (2024). Assessment of a Clinical Test for Detection of Alteration in Visual Perception Due to Astigmatism. Clinical Ophthalmology. Volume 18, 723-733
Gantz, L., Gispets, J., Wilkins, A. and Gal, E., (2024). Response to Optimizing the Wilkins Egg and Ball Test: Overcoming Limitations for Accurate Astigmatism Detection [Response To Letter]. Clinical Ophthalmology. Volume 18, 1049-1051
Laycox, CA., Thompson, R., Haggerty, JA., Wilkins, AJ. and Haigh, SM., (2024). Flicker and reading speed: Effects on individuals with visual sensitivity. Perception. 53 (8), 512-528
Wilkins, AJ., (2024). Re: efficacy of coloured lenses for patients diagnosed with visual stress. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 1-2
Kent, MG., Ko, WH., Konstantzos, I., Schiavon, S., MacNaughton, P. and Wilkins, AJ., (2024). The design of window shades and fenestration for view clarity. Lighting Research & Technology
Hui, CL-M., Wong, SM-Y., Yu, TY-T., Lau, TT-Y., Choi, O., Tsang, S., Suen, Y-N., Lam, BY-H., Wong, CS-M., Lui, SS-Y., Chan, K-T., Wong, MT-H., Wong, GH-Y., Chan, SK-W., Lee, EH-M., Chang, W-C., Wilkins, A. and Chen, EY-H., (2023). Visual-stress-related cortical excitability as a prospective marker for symptoms of depression and anxiety in young people. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience. 273 (5), 1051-1060
Wilkins, A., (2023). Book Review: Understanding Glare in Exterior Lighting, Display and Related Applications by Bullough J. Perception. 52 (2), 146-147
Penacchio, O., Otazu, X., Wilkins, AJ. and Haigh, SM., (2023). A mechanistic account of visual discomfort. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 17, 1200661-
Wong, SMY., Tang, EYH., Hui, CLM., Suen, YN., Chan, SKW., Lee, EHM., Chan, KT., Wong, MTH., Wilkins, AJ. and Chen, EYH., (2023). Excessive fear of clusters of holes, its interaction with stressful life events and the association with anxiety and depressive symptoms: large epidemiological study of young people in Hong Kong. BJPsych Open. 9 (5), e151-
Zhao, Y., Wei, Y., Wang, Y., So, RHY., Chan, CCH., Cheung, RTF. and Wilkins, A., (2023). Identification of the human cerebral cortical hemodynamic response to passive whole-body movements using near-infrared spectroscopy. Frontiers in Neurology. 14, 1280015-
Fisher, RS., Acharya, JN., Baumer, FM., French, JA., Parisi, P., Solodar, JH., Szaflarski, JP., Thio, LL., Tolchin, B., Wilkins, AJ. and Kasteleijn‐Nolst Trenité, D., (2022). Visually sensitive seizures: An updated review by the Epilepsy Foundation. Epilepsia. 63 (4), 739-768
Wilkins, AJ., Evans, BJW. and Plant, GT., (2022). Potential Uses for Precision Tinted Lenses in a Neurology Clinic. US Neurology. 18 (2), 93-93
Wilkins, A., (2021). Visual stress: origins and treatment. CNS. 6, 74-86
Wilkins, A., Haigh, SM., Mahroo, O. and Plant, G., (2021). Photophobia in migraine: a symptom cluster?. Cephalalgia. 41 (11-12), 1240-1248
Brinciotti, M., Wilkins, AJ., Penacchio, O. and Matricardi, M., (2021). Pattern-sensitive patients with epilepsy use uncomfortable visual stimuli to self-induce seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior. 122, 108189-108189
Wilkins, A., (2021). Fear of light: On the cause and remediation of photophobia. Lighting Research and Technology. 53 (5), 395-404
Gilchrist, JM., Allen, PM., Monger, L., Srinivasan, K. and Wilkins, A., (2021). Precision, reliability and application of the Wilkins Rate of Reading Test. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 41 (6), 1198-1208
Huang, J. and Wilkins, A., (2021). The Functional Network of the Visual Cortex Is Altered in Migraine. Vision. 5 (4), 57-57
Wilkins, A. and Cooper, NR., (2021). Treatment of Cluster Headache in a Different Light: A Case Study. touchREVIEWS in Neurology. 17 (2), 110-111
Penacchio, O., Haigh, SM., Ross, X., Ferguson, R. and Wilkins, AJ., (2021). Visual Discomfort and Variations in Chromaticity in Art and Nature.. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15, 711064-
Park, SW., Lee, C-S., Kang, HR., Pak, HS. and Wilkins, A., (2020). Visibility of the phantom array effect according to luminance, chromaticity and geometry. Lighting Research & Technology. 52 (3), 377-388
Ludlow, AK., Giannadou, A., Franklin, A., Allen, PM., Simmons, DR. and Wilkins, AJ., (2020). The possible use of precision tinted lenses to improve social cognition in children with autism spectrum disorders. Vision Research. 170, 53-59
Vieira, A., van der Linde, I., Bright, P. and Wilkins, A., (2020). Preference for Lighting Chromaticity in Migraine With Aura. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 60 (6), 1124-1131
Brown, E., Foulsham, T., Lee, C-S. and Wilkins, A., (2020). Visibility of temporal light artefact from flicker at 11 kHz. Lighting Research and Technology. 52 (3), 371-376
Yoshimoto, S., Jiang, F., Takeuchi, T., Wilkins, AJ. and Webster, MA., (2020). Visual discomfort from flicker: Effects of mean light level and contrast. Vision Research. 173, 50-60
Le, A., Cole, GG. and Wilkins, A., (2020). Trypophobia: Heart rate, heart rate variability and cortical haemodynamic response. Journal of Affective Disorders. 274, 1147-1151
Wilkins, A., Smith, K. and Penacchio, O., (2020). The Influence of Typography on Algorithms that Predict the Speed and Comfort of Reading.. Vision. 4 (1), 18-18
Alkhalifa, F., Wilkins, A., Almurbati, N. and Pinelo, J., (2020). EXAMINING THE VISUAL EFFECT OF TRYPOPHOBIC REPETITIVE PATTERN IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: BAHRAIN AS A CASE FOR MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES. JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM. 44 (1), 44-51
Yoshimoto, S., Jiang, F., Takeuchi, T., Wilkins, AJ. and Webster, MA., (2019). Adaptation and visual discomfort from flicker. Vision Research. 160, 99-107
Aldrich, A., Hibbard, P. and Wilkins, A., (2019). Vision and Hyper-Responsiveness in Migraine. Vision. 3 (4), 62-62
Srinivasan, K., Gilchrist, JM., Krishnan, G., Wilkins, A. and Allen, PM., (2019). Clinical Use of the Kannada and English Rate of Reading Tests. Frontiers in Psychology. 10
Haigh, SM., Cooper, NR. and Wilkins, AJ., (2018). Chromaticity separation and the alpha response. Neuropsychologia. 108, 1-5
Boyce, PR. and Wilkins, A., (2018). Visual discomfort indoors. Lighting Research & Technology. 50 (1), 98-114
Allen, P., Srinivasan, K., Krishnan, G. and Wilkins, A., (2018). Reliability and validity of a Kannada rate of reading test. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 66 (5), 630-630
Wilkins, A., Penacchio, O. and Leonards, U., (2018). The built environment and its patterns – a view from the vision sciences. Journal of Sustainable Design and Applied Research. 6 (1)
Wilkins, AJ., (2017). Risk of bias in assessing Risk of Bias. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 37 (1), 107-109
Evans, BJW., Allen, PM. and Wilkins, AJ., (2017). A Delphi study to develop practical diagnostic guidelines for visual stress (pattern-related visual stress). Journal of Optometry. 10 (3), 161-168
Le, ATD., Payne, J., Clarke, C., Kelly, MA., Prudenziati, F., Armsby, E., Penacchio, O. and Wilkins, AJ., (2017). Discomfort from urban scenes: Metabolic consequences. Landscape and Urban Planning. 160, 61-68
Yoshimoto, S., Garcia, J., Jiang, F., Wilkins, AJ., Takeuchi, T. and Webster, MA., (2017). Visual discomfort and flicker. Vision Research. 138, 18-28
Ludlow, AK. and Wilkins, AJ., (2016). Atypical Sensory behaviours in children with Tourette’s Syndrome and in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities. 56, 108-116
Myint, J., Latham, K., Mann, D., Gomersall, P., Wilkins, AJ. and Allen, PM., (2016). The relationship between visual function and performance in rifle shooting for athletes with vision impairment. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 2 (1), e000080-e000080
Monger, LJ., Shah, D., Wilkins, AJ. and Allen, PM., (2016). The effect of viewing distance on responses to the pattern glare test. Clinical and Experimental Optometry. 99 (1), 47-50
Engel, SA., Wilkins, AJ., Mand, S., Helwig, NE. and Allen, PM., (2016). Habitual wearers of colored lenses adapt more rapidly to the color changes the lenses produce. Vision Research. 125, 41-48
Whitaker, L., Jones, CRG., Wilkins, AJ. and Roberson, D., (2016). Judging the Intensity of Emotional Expression in Faces: the Effects of Colored Tints on Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research. 9 (4), 450-459
Wilkins, A., Allen, PM., Monger, LJ. and Gilchrist, JM., (2016). Visual stress and dyslexia for the practicing optometrist. Optometry in Practice. 17 (2)
Le, ATD., Cole, GG. and Wilkins, AJ., (2015). Assessment of trypophobia and an analysis of its visual precipitation. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 68 (11), 2304-2322
Haigh, SM., Cooper, NR. and Wilkins, AJ., (2015). Cortical excitability and the shape of the haemodynamic response.. NeuroImage. 111, 379-384
Monger, LJ., Wilkins, AJ. and Allen, PM., (2015). Pattern glare: the effects of contrast and color. Frontiers in Psychology. 6 (OCT), 1651-
Hollingsworth, RS., Ludlow, AK., Wilkins, AJ., Calver, RI. and Allen, PM., (2015). Visual Performance and the Use of Colored Filters in Children Who Are Deaf. Optometry and Vision Science. 92 (6), 690-699
Penacchio, O. and Wilkins, AJ., (2015). Visual discomfort and the spatial distribution of Fourier energy. Vision Research. 108, 1-7
Wilkins, AJ. and Kiff, IE., (2015). On the clarity of the musical stave. Psychology of Music. 43 (6), 870-880
Monger, L., Wilkins, A. and Allen, P., (2015). Identifying visual stress during a routine eye examination. Journal of Optometry. 8 (2), 140-145
Lehman, B. and Wilkins, AJ., (2014). Designing to Mitigate Effects of Flicker in LED Lighting: Reducing risks to health and safety. IEEE Power Electronics Magazine. 1 (3), 18-26
Hollingsworth, R., Ludlow, AK., Wilkins, A., Calver, R. and Allen, PM., (2014). Visual performance and ocular abnormalities in deaf children and young adults: a literature review. Acta Ophthalmologica. 92 (4), 305-310
Wilkins, A., (2014). Opinion: CFF is a seductive but misleading concept. Lighting Research & Technology. 46 (4), 368-368
Cole, GG. and Wilkins, AJ., (2013). Fear of Holes. Psychological Science. 24 (10), 1980-1985
Haigh, SM., Barningham, L., Berntsen, M., Coutts, LV., Hobbs, EST., Irabor, J., Lever, EM., Tang, P. and Wilkins, AJ., (2013). Discomfort and the cortical haemodynamic response to coloured gratings. Vision Research. 89, 47-53
Haigh, SM., Jaschinski, W., Allen, PM. and Wilkins, AJ., (2013). Accommodation to Uncomfortable Patterns. Perception. 42 (2), 208-222
Roberts, JE. and Wilkins, AJ., (2013). Flicker can be perceived during saccades at frequencies in excess of 1 kHz. Lighting Research & Technology. 45 (1), 124-132
Braithwaite, JJ., Broglia, E., Brincat, O., Stapley, L., Wilkins, AJ. and Takahashi, C., (2013). Signs of increased cortical hyperexcitability selectively associated with spontaneous anomalous bodily experiences in a nonclinical population. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 18 (6), 549-573
Braithwaite, JJ., Broglia, E., Bagshaw, AP. and Wilkins, AJ., (2013). Evidence for elevated cortical hyperexcitability and its association with out-of-body experiences in the non-clinical population: New findings from a pattern-glare task. Cortex. 49 (3), 793-805
Coutts, LV., Cooper, CE., Elwell, CE. and Wilkins, AJ., (2012). Time course of the haemodynamic response to visual stimulation in migraine, measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cephalalgia. 32 (8), 621-629
Haigh, SM., Karanovic, O., Wilkinson, F. and Wilkins, AJ., (2012). Cortical hyperexcitability in migraine and aversion to patterns. Cephalalgia. 32 (3), 236-240
Allen, PM., Dedi, S., Kumar, D., Patel, T., Aloo, M. and Wilkins, AJ., (2012). Accommodation, Pattern Glare, and Coloured Overlays. Perception. 41 (12), 1458-1467
Ludlow, AK., Taylor-Whiffen, E. and Wilkins, AJ., (2012). Coloured Filters Enhance the Visual Perception of Social Cues in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. ISRN Neurology. 2012, 1-6
Kasteleijn‐Nolst Trenité, D., Rubboli, G., Hirsch, E., Martins da Silva, A., Seri, S., Wilkins, A., Parra, J., Covanis, A., Elia, M., Capovilla, G., Stephani, U. and Harding, G., (2012). Methodology of photic stimulation revisited: Updated European algorithm for visual stimulation in the EEG laboratory. Epilepsia. 53 (1), 16-24
Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, D., Rubboli, G., Hirsch, E., Martins da Silva, A., Seri, S., Wilkins, A., Parra, J., Covanis, A., Elia, M., Capovilla, G., Stephani, U. and Harding, G., (2012). Methodology of photic stimulation revisited: Updated European algorithm for visual stimulation in the EEG laboratory. Epilepsia. 53 (1), 16-24
Wilkins, A., Allen, PM. and Evans, BJW., (2012). The uses of colour in optometric practice to ameliorate symptoms of visual stress.. Optometry in Practice. 13 (1), 1-8
Khalil, NM., Nicotra, A. and Wilkins, AJ., (2011). Asymmetry of visual function in migraine with aura: Correlation with lateralisation of headache and aura. Cephalalgia. 31 (2), 213-221
Lehman, B., Wilkins, A., Berman, S., Poplawski, M. and Miller, NJ., (2011). Proposing Measures of Flicker in the Low Frequencies for Lighting Applications. LEUKOS. 7 (3), 189-195
Huang, J., Zong, X., Wilkins, A., Jenkins, B., Bozoki, A. and Cao, Y., (2011). fMRI evidence that precision ophthalmic tints reduce cortical hyperactivation in migraine. Cephalalgia. 31 (8), 925-936
Wilkins, AJ. and Evans, BJW., (2010). Visual stress, its treatment with spectral filters, and its relationship to visually induced motion sickness. Applied Ergonomics. 41 (4), 509-515
Smedley, ARD., Webb, AR. and Wilkins, AJ., (2010). Potential of wind turbines to elicit seizures under various meteorological conditions. Epilepsia. 51 (7), 1146-1151
Jainta, S., Jaschinski, W. and Wilkins, AJ., (2010). Periodic letter strokes within a word affect fixation disparity during reading. Journal of Vision. 10 (13), 2-2
Allen, PM., Hussain, A., Usherwood, C. and Wilkins, AJ., (2010). Pattern-Related Visual Stress, Chromaticity, and Accommodation. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 51 (12), 6843-6843
Juricevic, I., Land, L., Wilkins, A. and Webster, MA., (2010). Visual Discomfort and Natural Image Statistics. Perception. 39 (7), 884-899
Jainta, S., Jaschinski, W. and Wilkins, AJ., (2010). Periodic letter strokes within a word affect fixation disparity during reading. Journal of Vision. 10 (13), 1-11
Ludlow, AK. and Wilkins, AJ., (2009). Case Report: Color as a Therapeutic Intervention. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 39 (5), 815-818
Wilkins, A., Cleave, R., Grayson, N. and Wilson, L., (2009). Typography for children may be inappropriately designed. Journal of Research in Reading. 32 (4), 402-412
Winterbottom, M. and Wilkins, A., (2009). Lighting and discomfort in the classroom. Journal of Environmental Psychology. 29 (1), 63-75
Fernandez, D. and Wilkins, AJ., (2008). Uncomfortable Images in Art and Nature. Perception. 37 (7), 1098-1113
Ludlow, AK., Wilkins, AJ. and Heaton, P., (2008). Colored overlays enhance visual perceptual performance in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. 2 (3), 498-515
Harding, G., Harding, P. and Wilkins, A., (2008). Wind turbines, flicker, and photosensitive epilepsy: Characterizing the flashing that may precipitate seizures and optimizing guidelines to prevent them. Epilepsia. 49 (6), 1095-1098
Newman Wright, B., Wilkins, AJ. and Zoukos, Y., (2007). Spectral filters can improve reading and visual search in patients with multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology. 254 (12), 1729-1735
Wilkins, AJ., Smith, J., Willison, CK., Beare, T., Boyd, A., Hardy, G., Mell, L., Peach, C. and Harper, S., (2007). Stripes within Words Affect Reading. Perception. 36 (12), 1788-1803
D'Ath, PJ., David Thomson, W. and Wilkins, AJ., (2007). Memory for the color of non‐monochromatic lights. Color Research & Application. 32 (1), 11-15
Smith, L. and Wilkins, A., (2007). How many colours are necessary to increase the reading speed of children with visual stress? A comparison of two systems. Journal of Research in Reading. 30 (3), 332-343
Wilkins, A., Huang, J. and Cao, Y., (2007). Prevention of visual stress and migraine with precision spectral filters. Drug Development Research. 68 (7), 469-475
Griffin, M., Prior, D., Cooper, CE., Wilkins, AJ. and Elwell, CE., (2006). Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a Non-Invasive Assessment of Cortical Abnormality in Migraine?. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 578, 203-208
Ludlow, AK., Wilkins, AJ. and Heaton, P., (2006). The Effect of Coloured Overlays on Reading Ability in Children with Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 36 (4), 507-516
Griffin, M., Prior, D., Cooper, CE., Wilkins, AJ. and Elwell, CE., (2006). Near infrared spectroscopy as a noninvasive assessment of cortical abnormality in migraine?. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 578, 203-208
RIDDELL, PM., WILKINS, A. and HAINLINE, L., (2006). The Effect of Colored Lenses on the Visual Evoked Response in Children With Visual Stress. Optometry and Vision Science. 83 (5), 299-305
Wilkins, AJ., Sihra, N. and Myers, A., (2005). Increasing Reading Speed by Using Colours: Issues concerning Reliability and Specificity, and Their Theoretical and Practical Implications. Perception. 34 (1), 109-120
Harding, G., Wilkins, AJ., Erba, G., Barkley, GL. and Fisher, RS., (2005). Photic‐ and Pattern‐induced Seizures: Expert Consensus of the Epilepsy Foundation of America Working Group. Epilepsia. 46 (9), 1423-1425
Wilkins, A., Emmett, J. and Harding, G., (2005). Characterizing the Patterned Images That Precipitate Seizures and Optimizing Guidelines To Prevent Them. Epilepsia. 46 (8), 1212-1218
Fisher, RS., Harding, G., Erba, G., Barkley, GL. and Wilkins, A., (2005). Photic‐ and Pattern‐induced Seizures: A Review for the Epilepsy Foundation of America Working Group. Epilepsia. 46 (9), 1426-1441
Wilkins, A., Sihra, N. and Smith, IN., (2005). How precise do precision tints have to be and how many are necessary?. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 25 (3), 269-276
Wilkins, AJ., Bonanni, P., Porciatti, V. and Guerrini, R., (2004). Physiology of Human Photosensitivity. Epilepsia. 45 (s1), 7-13
Covanis, A., Stodieck, SRG. and Wilkins, AJ., (2004). Treatment of Photosensitivity. Epilepsia. 45 (s1), 40-45
Wilkins, A., Huang, J. and Cao, Y., (2004). Visual stress theory and its application to reading and reading tests. Journal of Research in Reading. 27 (2), 152-162
Waldie, M. and Wilkins, A., (2004). How big does a coloured overlay have to be?. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 24 (1), 57-60
Wilkins, AJ., Patel, R., Adjamian, P. and Evans, BJW., (2002). Tinted Spectacles and Visually Sensitive Migraine. Cephalalgia. 22 (9), 711-719
Hughes, LE. and Wilkins, AJ., (2002). Reading at a distance: Implications for the design of text in children's big books. British Journal of Educational Psychology. 72 (2), 213-226
Binnie, CD., Emmett, J., Gardiner, P., Harding, GFA., Harrison, D. and Wilkins, AJ., (2002). Characterizing the Flashing Television Images that Precipitate Seizures. SMPTE Journal. 111 (6-7), 323-329
Evans, BJW., Patel, R. and Wilkins, AJ., (2002). Optometric function in visually sensitive migraine before and after treatment with tinted spectacles. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 22 (2), 130-142
Bouldoukian, J., Wilkins, AJ. and Evans, BJW., (2002). Randomised controlled trial of the effect of coloured overlays on the rate of reading of people with specific learning difficulties. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 22 (1), 55-60
Binnie, CD., Emmett, J., Gardiner, P., Harding, GFA., Harrison, D. and Wilkins, AJ., (2002). Characterizing the flashing television images that precipitate seizures. SMPTE Journal. 111 (7-8), 323-328
Wilkins, A., (2002). Coloured overlays and their effects on reading speed: a review. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 22 (5), 448-454
Scott, L., McWhinnie, H., Taylor, L., Stevenson, N., Irons, P., Lewis, E., Evans, M., Evans, B. and Wilkins, A., (2002). Coloured overlays in schools: orthoptic and optometric findings. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 22 (2), 156-165
Wilkins, AJ. and Sihra, N., (2001). A colorizer for use in determining an optimal ophthalmic tint. Color Research & Application. 26 (3), 246-253
Simmers, AJ., Bex, PJ., Smith, FKH. and Wilkins, AJ., (2001). Spatiotemporal visual function in tinted lens wearers. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 42 (3), 879-884
Simmers, AJ., Gray, LS. and Wilkins, AJ., (2001). The influence of tinted lenses upon ocular accommodation. Vision Research. 41 (9), 1229-1238
Wilkins, A., Lewis, E., Smith, F., Rowland, E. and Tweedie, W., (2001). Coloured overlays and their benefit for reading. Journal of Research in Reading. 24 (1), 41-64
Hughes, L. and Wilkins, A., (2000). Typography in children’s reading schemes may be suboptimal: Evidence from measures of reading rate. Journal of Research in Reading. 23 (3), 314-324
Wilkins, AJ., Baker, A., Amin, D., Smith, S., Bradford, J., Zaiwalla, Z., Besag, FMC., Binnie, CD. and Fish, D., (1999). Treatment of photosensitive epilepsy using coloured glasses. Seizure. 8 (8), 444-449
Evans, BJW., Patel, R., Wilkins, AJ., Lightstone, A., Eperjesi, F., Speedwell, L. and Duffy, J., (1999). A review of the management of 323 consecutive patients seen in a specific learning difficulties clinic. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 19 (6), 454-466
Lightstone, A., Lightstone, T. and Wilkins, A., (1999). Both coloured overlays and coloured lenses can improve reading fluency, but their optimal chromaticities differ. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 19 (4), 279-285
Trenité, DGAK., Binnie, CD., Harding, GFA. and Wilkins, A., (1999). Photic Stimulation: Standardization of Screening Methods. Epilepsia. 40 (s4), 75-79
Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, DGA., Binnie, CD., Harding, GFA., Wilkins, A., Covanis, T., Eeg-Olofsson, O., Goosens, L., Henriksen, O., Krämer, G., Leyten, F., Lopes Da Silva, FH., Martins Da Silva, A., Naquet, R., Pedersen, B., Ricci, S., Rubboli, G., Spekreijse, H. and Waltz, S., (1999). Photic stimulation — standardization of screening methods. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology. 29 (4), 318-324
Wilkins, A. and Lewis, E., (1999). Coloured Overlays, Text, and Texture. Perception. 28 (5), 641-650
Binnie, CD. and Wilkins, AJ., (1998). Visually induced seizures not caused by flicker (intermittent light stimulation).. Advances in neurology. 75, 123-138
Jeanes, R., Busby, A., Martin, J., Lewis, E., Stevenson, N., Pointon, D. and Wilkins, A., (1997). Prolonged use of coloured overlays for classroom reading. British Journal of Psychology. 88 (4), 541-548
Sellen, AJ., Louie, G., Harris, JE. and Wilkins, AJ., (1997). What Brings Intentions to Mind? An In Situ Study of Prospective Memory. Memory. 5 (4), 483-507
CHEN, E., LAM, L., CHEN, R., NGUYEN, D., CHAN, C. and WILKINS, A., (1997). Neuropsychological correlates of sustained attention in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research. 24 (3), 299-310
BINNIE, CD., WILKINS;, AJ., CABRERA-VALDIVIA, F., JIMENEZ-JIMENEZ, FJ., TEJEIRO, J., AYUSO-PERALTA, L., VAQUERO, A. and GARCIA-ALBEA, E., (1997). Ecstatic seizures induced by television. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 63 (2), 273a-273a
(1997). Prolonged use of coloured overlays for classroom reading.. British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953). 88
Evans, B., (1996). A preliminary investigation into the aetiology of Meares—Irlen syndrome. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 16 (4), 286-296
Wilkins, A., (1996). Rate of Reading Test®: its reliability, and its validity in the assessment of the effects of coloured overlays. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 16 (6), 491-497
Chronicle, E. and Wilkins, AJ., (1996). Gratings That Induce Perceptual Distortions Mask Superimposed Targets. Perception. 25 (6), 661-668
Wilkins, AJ., Jeanes, RJ., Pumfrey, PD. and Laskier, M., (1996). Rate of Reading Test® : Its reliability, and its validity in the assessment of the effects of coloured overlays. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 16 (6), 491-497
Chronicle, EP., Wilkins, AJ. and Coleston, DM., (1995). Thresholds for Detection of a Target Against a Background Grating Suggest Visual Dysfunction in Migraine With Aura But Not Migraine Without Aura. Cephalalgia. 15 (2), 117-122
Tyrrell, R., Holland, K., Dennis, D. and Wilkins, A., (1995). Coloured overlays, visual discomfort, visual search and classroom reading. Journal of Research in Reading. 18 (1), 10-23
Chronicle, E., (1995). A Reply to Legg and Khalil. Cephalalgia. 15 (6), 537-537
Evans, B., (1995). Optometric correlates of Meares—Irlen Syndrome: a matched group study. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 15 (5), 481-487
Wilkins, A., (1995). Matters arising. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 15 (1), 4-4
Wilkins, A., (1994). Overlays for classroom and optometric use. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 14 (1), 97-99
Wilkins, AJ., Evans, BJW., Brown, JA., Busby, AE., Wingfield, AE., Jeanes, RJ. and Bald, J., (1994). Double‐masked placebo‐controlled trial of precision spectral filters in children who use coloured overlays. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 14 (4), 365-370
Chen, EYH., Wilkins, AJ. and McKenna, PJ., (1994). Semantic memory is both impaired and anomalous in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine. 24 (1), 193-202
Wilkins, AJ., Evans, BJW., Brown, JA., Busby, AE., Wingfield, AE., Jeanes, RJ. and Bald, J., (1994). Double‐masked placebo‐controlled trial of precision spectral filters in children who use coloured overlays. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 14 (4), 365-370
Binnie, CD., Harding, GFA., Richens, A. and Wilkins, A., (1994). Video games and epileptic seizures—a consensus statement. Seizure. 3 (4), 245-246
Wilkins, A., (1994). Double-masked placebo-controlled trial of precision spectral filters in children who use coloured overlays. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 14 (4), 365-370
Maclachlan, A., Yale, S. and Wilkins, A., (1993). Open trial of subjective precision tinting: a follow‐up of 55 patients. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 13 (2), 175-178
Wilkins, A., Milroy, R., Nimmo‐Smith, I., Wright, A., Tyrrell, R., Holland, K., Martin, J., Bald, J., Yale, S., Miles, T. and Noakes, T., (1992). Preliminary observations concerning treatment of visual discomfort and associated perceptual distortion. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 12 (2), 257-263
Wilkins, AJ., Nimmo‐Smith, I. and Jansons, JE., (1992). Colorimeter for the intuitive manipulation of hue and saturation and its role in the study of perceptual distortion. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 12 (3), 381-385
Smith, AP., Tyrrell, DAJ., Barrow, GI., Higgins, PG., Bull, S., Trickett, S. and Wilkins, AJ., (1992). The common cold, pattern sensitivity and contrast sensitivity. Psychological Medicine. 22 (2), 487-494
Wilkins, A., (1992). Colorimeter for the intuitive manipulation of hue and saturation and its role in the study of perceptual distortion. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 12 (3), 381-385
Wilkins, A. and Neary, C., (1991). Some visual, optometric and perceptual effects of coloured glasses. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 11 (2), 163-171
Chronicle, EP. and Wilkins, AJ., (1991). Colour and visual discomfort in migraineurs. The Lancet. 338 (8771), 890-890
Wilkins, AJ. and Wilkinson, P., (1991). A tint to reduce eye‐strain from fluorescent lighting? Preliminary observations. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 11 (2), 172-175
Wilkins, A., Peck, A. and Jordan, B., (1991). Visual discomfort in the classroom. Child Language Teaching and Therapy. 7 (3), 326-340
Wilkins, AJ. and Clark, C., (1990). Modulation of light from fluorescent lamps. Lighting Research & Technology. 22 (2), 103-109
Hazell, J. and Wilkins, AJ., (1990). A contribution of fluorescent lighting to agoraphobia. Psychological Medicine. 20 (3), 591-596
Somazzi, L., Della Sala, S. and Wilkins, AJ., (1990). A simple test of contrast sensitivity in glaucoma. Italian Journal of Ophthalmology. 4 (4), 209-213
Neary, C. and Wilkins, AJ., (1989). Effects of Phosphor Persistence on Perception and the Control of Eye Movements. Perception. 18 (2), 257-264
Watts, FN. and Wilkins, AJ., (1989). The role of provocative visual stimuli in agoraphobia. Psychological Medicine. 19 (4), 875-885
Wilkins, AJ., Plant, G. and Huddy, A., (1989). NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO REHABILITATION OF A STROKE PATIENT. The Lancet. 333 (8628), 54-54
Wilkins, AJ., Nimmo-Smith, I., Slater, AI. and Bedocs, L., (1989). Fluorescent lighting, headaches and eyestrain. Lighting Research & Technology. 21 (1), 11-18
WILKINS, AJ., PLANT, G. and HUDDY, A., (1989). NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO REHABILITATION OF A STROKE PATIENT. LANCET. 1 (8628), 54-54
Wilkins, AJ., Della Sala, S., Somazzi, L. and Nimmo-Smith, I., (1988). Age-related norms for the Cambridge Low Contrast Gratings, including details concerning their design and use. Clinical Vision Sciences. 2 (3), 201-212
Pelli, DG., Robson, JG. and Wilkins, AJ., (1988). The design of a new letter chart for measuring contrast sensitivity. Clinical Vision Sciences. 2 (3), 187-199
Wilkins, A., (1988). Visual distress in the office environment. Facilities. 6 (4), 9-12
Della Sala, S., Comi, G., Martinelli, V., Somazzi, L. and Wilkins, AJ., (1987). The rapid assessment of visual dysfunction in multiple sclerosis.. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 50 (7), 840-846
Wilkins, AJ., Shallice, T. and McCarthy, R., (1987). Frontal lesions and sustained attention. Neuropsychologia. 25 (2), 359-365
Binnie, CD., Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité, DGA., Smit, AM. and Wilkins, AJ., (1987). Interactions of epileptiform EEG discharges and cognition. Epilepsy Research. 1 (4), 239-245
Nulty, DD., Wilkins, AJ. and Williams, JMG., (1987). Mood, pattern sensitivity and headache: a longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine. 17 (3), 705-713
WILKINS, AJ. and NIMMO-SMITH, MI., (1987). The clarity and comfort of printed text. Ergonomics. 30 (12), 1705-1720
Darby, CE., Park, DM., Smith, AT. and Wilkins, AJ., (1986). EEG characteristics of epileptic pattern sensitivity and their relation to the nature of pattern stimulation and the effects of sodium valproate. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 63 (6), 517-525
Wilkins, A., (1986). What is visual discomfort?. Trends in Neurosciences. 9 (C), 343-346
Wilkins, AJ., (1986). Remembering to do things in the laboratory and everyday life. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 74 (S109), 109-112
Wilkins, AJ., (1986). On the manner in which sensory and cognitive processes contribute to epileptogenesis, and are disrupted by it. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 74 (S109), 91-96
Wilkins, A., (1986). Intermittent Illumination from Visual Display Units and Fluorescent Lighting Affects Movements of the Eyes Across Text. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 28 (1), 75-81
Bertoni, G., Somazzi, L., Blini, M., Della Sala, S. and Wilkins, A., (1986). Contrast sensitivity using a new forced-choice test. Bulletins et memoires de la Societe francaise d"ophtalmologie. 97, 140-145
Friedman, WJ. and Wilkins, AJ., (1985). Scale effects in memory for the timeof events. Memory & Cognition. 13 (2), 168-175
Della Sala, S., Bertoni, G., Somazzi, L., Stubbe, F. and Wilkins, AJ., (1985). Impaired contrast sensitivity in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy: a new technique for rapid assessment.. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 69 (2), 136-142
Binnie, CD., Findlay, J. and Wilkins, AJ., (1985). Mechanisms of epileptogenesis in photosensitive epilepsy implied by the effects of moving patterns. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 61 (1), 1-6
Wilkins, AJ., (1985). Discomfort and visual displays. Displays. 6 (2), 101-103
Sala, SD., Somazzi, L. and Wilkins, AJ., (1985). RAPID TECHNIQUE FOR DETECTING "BLURRED VISION" IN DISEASES OF PRIMARY VISUAL PATHWAYS. The Lancet. 326 (8462), 1015-1016
Binnie, CD., Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite, DGA., De Korte, R. and Wilkins, A., (1985). VISUAL DISPLAY UNITS AND RISK OF SEIZURES. The Lancet. 325 (8435), 991-991
BINNIE, CD., TRENITE, D., DEKORTE, R. and WILKINS, A., (1985). VISUAL-DISPLAY UNITS AND RISK OF SEIZURES. LANCET. 1 (8435), 991-991
WILKINS, A., NIMMO-SMITH, IAN., TAIT, A., McMANUS, CHRISTOPHER., SALA, SD., TILLEY, A., ARNOLD, KIM., BARRIE, M. and SCOTT, S., (1984). A NEUROLOGICAL BASIS FOR VISUAL DISCOMFORT. Brain. 107 (4), 989-1017
Wilkins, AJ. and Nimmo‐Smith, I., (1984). ON THE REDUCTION OF EYE‐STRAIN WHEN READING. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 4 (1), 53-59
AARTS, JHP., BINNIE, CD., SMIT, AM. and WILKINS, AJ., (1984). SELECTIVE COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT DURING FOCAL AND GENERALIZED EPILEPTIFORM EEG ACTIVITY. Brain. 107 (1), 293-308
Wilkins, A., (1984). On the reduction of eye-strain when reading. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 4 (1), 53-59
Wilkins, AJ., Zifkin, B., Andermann, F. and McGovern, E., (1982). Seizures induced by thinking. Annals of Neurology. 11 (6), 608-612
Wastell, DG., Wilkins, AJ. and Darby, CE., (1982). Self-induction of epileptic seizures by eye-closure. Spectral analysis of concomitant EEG.. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 45 (12), 1151-1152
Wilkins, AJ., Binnie, CD. and Darby, CE., (1981). Interhemispheric differences in photosensitive epilepsy. I. Pattern sensitivity thresholds. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 52 (5), 461-468
Binnie, CD., Wilkins, AJ. and de Korte, RA., (1981). Interhemispheric differences in photosensitive epilepsy. II. intermittent photic stimulation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 52 (5), 469-472
Wilkins, AJ., Binnie, CD. and Darby, CE., (1980). Visually-induced seizures. Progress in Neurobiology. 15 (2), 85-117
Binnie, CD., Darby, CE., de Korte, RA., Veldhuizen, R. and Wilkins, AJ., (1980). EEG sensitivity to television: Effects of ambient lighting. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 50 (3-4), 329-331
Darby, CE., de Korte, RA., Binnie, CD. and Wilkins, AJ., (1980). The Self‐induction of Epileptic Seizures by Eye Closure. Epilepsia. 21 (1), 31-42
Binnie, CD., Darby, CE., De Korte, RA. and Wilkins, AJ., (1980). Self-induction of epileptic seizures by eyeclosure: incidence and recognition.. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 43 (5), 386-389
Darby, CE., Wilkins, AJ., Binnie, CD. and De Korte, R., (1980). Routine testing for pattern sensitivity. Journal of Electrophysiological Technology. 6 (4), 202-210
WILKINS, AJ., DARBY, CE. and BINNIE, CD., (1979). NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PATTERN-SENSITIVE EPILEPSY. Brain. 102 (1), 1-25
Wilkins, AJ., Darby, CE., Binnie, CD., Stefansson, SB., Jeavons, PM. and Harding, GFA., (1979). Television epilepsy — The role of pattern. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 47 (2), 163-171
Wilkins, A. and Moscovitch, M., (1978). Selective impairment of semantic memory after temporal lobectomy. Neuropsychologia. 16 (1), 73-79
Stefansson, SB., Darby, CE., Wilkins, AJ., Binnie, CD., Marlton, AP., Smith, AT. and Stockley, AV., (1977). Television epilepsy and pattern sensitivity.. BMJ. 2 (6079), 88-90
Wilkins, AJ., Darby, CE. and Binnie, CD., (1977). Optical treatment of photosensitive epilepsy. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 43 (4), 577-577
WILKINS, AJ., ANDERMANN, F. and IVES, J., (1975). STRIPES, COMPLEX CELLS AND SEIZURES. Brain. 98 (3), 365-380
(1975). The EEG society. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 39 (4), 428-430
Wilkins, A. and Stewart, A., (1974). The time course of lateral asymmetries in visual perception of letters.. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 102 (5), 905-908
Wilkins, AJ., (1971). Conjoint frequency, category size, and categorization time. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 10 (4), 382-385
Books (4)
Wilkins, A. and Evans, BJW., (2022). Vision, Reading difficulty and visual stress. Springer. 9783031039294
Allen, PM., Evans, BJW. and Wilkins, AJ., (2010). Vision and Reading Difficulties. Ten Alps Creative. 0955923514. 9780955923517
Wilkins, A., (2003). Reading Through Colour How Coloured Filters Can Reduce Reading Difficulty, Eye Strain, and Headaches. John Wiley & Sons Incorporated
Wilkins, AJ., (1995). Visual Stress. Oxford University Press on Demand. 019852174X. 9780198521747
Book chapters (3)
Wilkins, A., (2013). Seeing text. In: The Dyslexia Handbook. British Dyslexia Association
Wilkins, A., (2012). Origins of Visual Stress. In: Visual Aspects of Dyslexia. Oxford University Press. 63- 78
Wilkins, A., (2010). Pattern-sensitive Epilepsy. In: Atlas of Epilepsies. Editors: . Springer London. 1093- 1098. 9781848821279
Conferences (21)
Penacchio, O., Haigh, SM., Ross, X., Ferguson, R. and Wilkins, AJ., (2021). Visual discomfort and the chromatic content of natural scenes
Yoshimoto, S., Jiang, F., Wilkins, AJ. and Webster, MA., (2019). Effect of Light Level on Visual Discomfort From Flicker
Wilkins, A., (2018). Chapter 17. A theory of visual stress and its application to the use of coloured filters for reading
Wilkins, AJ., (2016). A physiological basis for visual discomfort: Application in lighting design
Penacchio, O., Wilkins, AJ., Otazu, X. and Harris, JM., (2016). Inhibitory function and its contribution to cortical hyperexcitability and visual discomfort as assessed by a computation model of cortical function
Wilkins, AJ. and Hibbard, PB., (2014). Discomfort and hypermetabolism
Atallah, P., Pelah, A. and Wilkins, A., (2012). Visual stress symptoms from stereoscopic television
Lehman, B., Wilkins, A., Berman, S., Poplawski, M. and Johnson Miller, N., (2011). Proposing measures of flicker in the low frequencies for lighting applications
Wang, Z., So, R., Chan, C. and Wilkins, A., (2011). Cortical neural response to visual navigation through a Virtual environment
Jainta, S., Jaschinski, W. and Wilkins, AJ., (2010). Fixation disparity during reading is affected by periodic letter strokes within a word
Wilkins, A., Veitch, J. and Lehman, B., (2010). LED lighting flicker and potential health concerns: IEEE standard PAR1789 update
Wilkins, AJ., Tang, P., Irabor, J., Baningham, L. and Coutts, L., (2008). Cortical haemodynamic response to coloured gratings
Wright, BN., Wilkins, AJ. and Zoukos, Y., (2007). The efficacy of intuitive overlays and precision tints in improving reading and visual search in patients with multiple sclerosis
Wilkins, AJ., Smith, J. and Beare, T., (2005). Reading speed and the self-similarity of word shape
Evans, BJW., Busby, A., Jeanes, R. and Wilkins, AJ., (1995). Optometric correlates of Meares–Irlen Syndrome: a matched group study
Wilkins, AJ., (1993). Health and efficiency in lighting practice
Wilkins, A., (1992). Treatment of visual discomfort and associated perceptual distortion using tinted spectacle lenses
Wilkins, A. and Tillotson, HT., (1991). Enhancement of highway maintenance management systems through optimization of critical deterioration levels
Wilkins, AJ. and Elgy, J., (1991). DEX. An expert system for the design of durable concrete
WILKINS, AJ., (1991). Visual display units versus visual computation
Wilkins, A., (1985). VISUAL DISCOMFORT AND CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAYS.
Reports and Papers (6)
Allen, PM., Evans, BJW. and Wilkins, A., Vision and Reading Difficulties Part 5: Clinical protocol and the role of the eye-care practitioner
Allen, PM., Evans, BJW. and Wilkins, A., Vision and Reading Difficulties Part 4: Coloured filters - how do they work?
Allen, PM., Evans, BJW. and Wilkins, A., Vision and Reading Difficulties Part 3: Coloured filters - do they work?
Allen, PM., Evans, BJW. and Wilkins, A., Vision and Reading Difficulties Part 2: Optometric correlates of reading difficulties
Allen, PM., Evans, BJW. and Wilkins, A., Vision and Reading Difficulties Part 1: Specific learning difficulties and vision
Wilkins, A., Smith, K. and Penacchio, O., (2020). The Influence of Typography on Algorithms That Predict the Speed and Comfort of Reading
Grants and funding
2015
67% - To develop and launch the next generation of colorimetry technology and embed the capability to support and enhance it in the future.
Technology STrategy Board
33% - To develop and launch the next generation of colorimetry technology and embed the capability to support and enhance it in the future.
Cerium Visual Technologies Ltd
Advising on Educational Materials
Crossbow Education Ltd
Contact
Academic support hours:
MSc project supervision